NoSql Databases
Hadoop
Is an entire ecosystem of integrated distributed computing tools, at the core of which are a file system (HDFS) and a programming framework (Map-Reduce).Welcome to Apache™ Hadoop®!
Cassandra
Is a NoSQL data store based on a key-value pairing system, where value is then further structured into a columnar like store.The Apache Cassandra Project
MongoDB
A NoSQL data store based on key-value pairing system where value is JSON documents. Has its own unique querying language.MongoDB
CouchDB
A NoSQL data store based on key-value pairing system where value is JSON documents. Uses a combination of HTTP, Javascript, and map-reduce for querying.Apache CouchDB
Cassandra, Mongo, and Couch arekey-value based NoSQL data stores in that way they are pretty similar .
Each noSql database have their advantages and disadvantages. If you're interested in one, you should probably at least have a good understanding of when to use one NoSQL vs another.
Hadoop is a huge in scope to learn than the others because it is comprised of many different components, including its own columnar (hBase) and SQL like data storage (Hive) platforms.
More info about nosql-database